July 22, 2020

Benefits of PQQ Supplement: Pyrroloquinoline Quinone

PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinione) is an exciting new molecule that was first recognised in 1964 which helps improve mitochondria function, is found in healthy food and also interstellar dust particles.

Japanese scientists announced in 2003 that PQQ was in fact a previously unidentified B vitamin.

A vitamin is a compound that the human body can’t produce itself which carries out at least one essential biochemical function.

However, it still has not been 100% confirmed that PQQ is a vitamin due to the role of PQQ being a coenzyme in bacteria not extending to humans.

What Is PQQ?

PQQ is a small quinone molecule that has anti-oxidant properties which was once thought to be a vitamin that acts as a redox agent (capable of reducing and oxidising).

Its job is to protect your cells and mitochondria from damaging free radicals and it’s roughly 5,000 times more powerful than Vitamin C in regards to ability to carry out catalytic conversions.

Also, it does a great job in killing off mitochondria which are not functioning and replicating the healthy mitochondria - acting like a cellular regenerator.

PQQ has been shown to modify oxidation in a cell by binding to certain proteins and modulate many of the functions in the signalling process which go on in the cell.

We can see how important PQQ is to mammalian health when it is removed from our diets because low-levels of PQQ lead to:

Growth Impairment
Abnormal Reproductive Performance
Compromised Immune Responsiveness

Benefits of PQQ

The following benefits of PQQ are:

Neuroprotective properties in the old
Anti-Inflammatory properties
Enhances mitochondrial function
Radioprotective
Promotes neurogenesis
Improved Energy Levels
Better Sleep Quality
Enhancing Memory

Let’s talk about the main benefits of PQQ…

1.) Increased Energy Levels

A study showed that people who suffered from low energy, felt a significant increase in their energy levels after taking PQQ.

This makes sense as PQQ works on optimising your mitochondria which is the core component of energy.

2.) Enhancing Memory

A study showed that PQQ can prevent cognitive deficits caused by oxidative stress.

The study showed an improvement in the ability to learn and improvements in memory function.

As it promotes neurogenesis, the improvement in memory and overall cognitive function would be credible.

3.) Reduce Oxidative Stress

A study has shown that PQQ works like an antioxidant - lowering oxidative stress - which is crucial in today’s modern-day living where we are exposed to constant toxins.

It was also shown to reduce inflammation in the liver and acted as protection against fatty liver.

PQQ, NRF2 & Damaging Proteins

PQQ also increases Nrf2 - a critical pathway - which increases natural antioxidant production.

Increasing Nrf2 is helpful because it lowers inflammation, improves mitochondrial function and stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis.

It has been shown to prevent the development of damaging proteins that can cause harm to your body.

Mitochondria & PQQ

Many people have believed that mitochondrial biogenesis could only happen from strenuous exercise or extreme calorie restriction.

Researchers found in 2010 that PQQ could protect mitochondria from oxidative damage and also stimulate growth of new mitochondria.

Variations of the levels of PQQ in diets cause modulation in mitochondrial content.

PQQ also interacts with PGC-1alpha which regulates many of the mitochondrial-related events which regulate genes involved in energy metabolism, blood pressure and also muscle fibre type.

PGC-1alpha is also associated with a reduction in free radicals and acts as a protectant against various mitochondrial toxins.

PQQ has been shown to affect:

Activity of ras gene (involved in cell signalling pathways that control cell growth & cell death
Activates mitochondrial transcription factors which lead to increase mitochondrial biogenesis
Activates other transcription factors (proteins involved in the process of converting, or transcribing DNA into RNA) such as NRF 1 & 2

Under the right conditions, PQQ can carry out the redox cycle continuously - capable of thousands of redox reactions.

Why is PQQ’s redox capabilities significant?

In comparison with other bioactive quinones such as epicatechin in green tea which tend to self-oxidise (run out of steam) or form polymers such as tannins making them redundant for further redox reactions, PQQ can keep going back for more.

Improving the number of mitochondria and their efficiency in our cells can have far-reaching benefits such as a longer life or better energy.

And it appears that PQQ plays a significant part in as an essential cofactor in one of the many protein subunits that make up Complex I of the ETC.

This is important to know because nearly all of the endogenous (growing or originating within the organism) free radicals are produced at Complex I.

A study in mice showed that a PQQ-free diet led to impaired reproductive and immune function with the growth of the mice being impaired.

More importantly, PQQ-deficient mice had 30% - 40% fewer mitochondria and the mitochondria they did have was abnormally small or appear to function properly.

PQQ Food Sources

Here are the foods with the highest PQQ content in them (micrograms per kilogram):

Cacao Powder - 800
Natto (fermented soybeans) - 61
Parsley - 34
Green Tea - 29
Green Pepper - 28
Kiwi - 27
Papaya - 26
Tofu - 24
Spinach - 21
Carrot - 16

(Source - http://www.primedforhealth.com)

As you will see from the table above, cacao powder has the highest concentration of PQQ out of the all foods below it.

NAD+ & PQQ

If PQQ leads to mitochondrial biogenesis via the activation of cell signalling molecules such as AMPK which has been purported to up-regulate NAMPT - leading to an increase in NAD+.

This in turn, could activate the sirtuins and lead to an up-regulation of PGC1-alpha which results in an increase of natural mitochondrial biogenesis.

In one study, researchers commented that:

“PQQ treatment caused a concentration-dependent increase in the cellular NAD+ levels, but not the total NAD+ & NADH levels. Our results suggest that PQQ-inducible mitochondrial biogenesis can be attributed to activation of the SIRT1/PGC-1a signalling pathway by enhancing cellular NAD+ formation.”

In other words, PQQ doesn’t increase mitochondrial biogenesis directly, but could be a key factor in the process.